List of Figures
The front cover: Hunting images from the Tassili n’Ajjer historical park,
photo by Patrick Gruban, Archimedes’ screw, The sun and planet gear of the 1785 Boulton
and Watt steam engine, Gene Cernan taking the lunar rover for a test
drive.
Chess board and laptop, Side boosters landing during Falcon
Heavy Demo mission, Missouri S&T students graduating in Fall
2008
Figure 1.1 Marcus Vitruvius Polio, engraving by
Jacopo Bernardi based on a drawing by Vincenzo Raggio, Roman military machines, Colosseum.
Figure 1.2 Thomas Savery, His
steam engine (pump); Sadi Carnot (portrait by Louis-L´eopold Boilly); His
thermodynamic cycle (engine).
Figure 1.3 Different perspectives on the role of
engineering as the discipline connecting science and industrial practice.
Figure 1.4 Effect of continuing technological chan/ge on the engineering
profession.
Figure 2.1 Major technological revolutions in
human history.
Figure 2.2 Acheulan tools, Mousterian tools, Lowenmensch (Lion man), Aurignacian and Magdalenian tools;
Lions painted in the Chauvet Cave, Lascaux animal
painting;
Figure 2.3 Painted Temple complex in Tell Uqair, Ziggurat of Ur (reconstructions and photo)
Figure 2.4 Construction of the major pyramids in
Egypt over time. Insert: aerial photo of the three Great Pyramids of Giza:
Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure.
Figure 2.5 Acropolis of Athens, Rome at the time
of Constantine, Aeolipile, illustration from Hero of Alexandria (70 AD). Oil
lamps discovered near the Italian city of Modena.
Figure 2.6 Number of hand-copied manuscripts and
printed books, Notre-Dame de Paris, Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican,
View of Venice from the Island of San Giorgio
Figure 2.7 Proto-industrialisation. Song Dynasty
grain mill, painting from Song China,
Waterwheels powering the bellows of a blast furnace, from the Yuan
Chinese treatise Nong Shu (Wang, 1313), Replica of the 18th century ship
‘Amsterdam’, The Taj Mahal.
Figure 3.1 Five technological surges as
identified by Perez (2003) and GWP data.
Illustrations: Pontcysyllte aqueduct
(engineered by Thomas Telford), Replica of Stephenson’s Rocket in Tyseley, Flatiron Building (New York City), 1925 Ford Model
T Touring, Model of Sputnik 1, Wheeled + legged robot ‘Handle’ jumping.
Figure 3.2 Technologies of the First Industrial
Revolution. Surge 1: 1785 Boulton and Watt steam engine, Samuel Crompton’s spinning
mule; Pontcysyllte aqueduct (engineered by Thomas Telford),
Richard Trevithick’s Coalbrookdale Locomotive,
Steamboat ‘Enterprise’ (engineered by Daniel French); Surge
2: Replica of Stephenson’s Rocket in Tyseley,
Morse Telegraph, Mail steamship California, Historic gas candelabrum in Prague
from 1865
Figure 3.3 Technologies of the Second Industrial
Revolution (surge 3). Eiffel tower,
Flatiron Building (New York City), Metropolitan Railway, Electric train for the
City & South London Railway, Telephone, from Kungliga
Telegrafverkets apparater
1906, Light bulb from Thomas Edison’s patent (1880), Electric motor from Nikola
Tesla’s patent (1888)
Figure 3.4 Technologies of the Second Industrial
Revolution (surge 4). 1925 Ford
Model T Touring, 1907 Victor III disc phonograph, Zenith Model 705 Radio, No.
4468 Mallard Locomotive, Sydney Harbour Bridge, Golden Gate Bridge, KLM PH-AJU
(Douglas DC-2) above Rotterdam, Zeppelin LZ 129 ‘Hindenburg’, Monitor top
refrigerator, Empire State Building.
Figure 3.5 Technologies of the second half of the 20th century. RCA 630-TS Television, Wabash Railroad F7A
#1189 locomotive, Obninsk nuclear power plant, Model
of Sputnik 1, Vostok-1 launch, Apollo 8 launch, Gene Cernan driving Luna Rover,
British Airways Concorde, IBM PC (5150 + 5151),
Toshiba T1000, Nikon QV-1000C at the Nikon Musem
in Tokyo. Partial (30%) map of the Internet in 2005.
Figure 4.1 Processor performance since 1970.
Illustrations: Intel Core i7-6700K Skylake CPU, Intel 80188 CPU,
Original iPhone.
Figure 4.2 Premium paid for fully electric cars
sold in the USA market, Car sales in the USA. Illustrations: Tesla Model 3 and
Chevy Bolt.
Figure 4.3 Performance of the major types of batteries
for automobile applications. Illustrations: Hornsdale
Power Reserve and Wind Farm,
Andasol Solar Power Station.
Figure 4.4 U.S. electricity prices (LCOE
projections) and U.S. oil production (million barrels per day).
Figure 4.5 Best Research-Cell Efficiencies vs
year; source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).
Figure 4.6 Increase in power and size of wind
turbines.
Figure 4.7 Estimates of payload cost for existing
orbital launching systems. Insert: Side boosters landing during Falcon Heavy
mission.
Figure 4.8 Training and outcome of AI neural
network designed by Karras et al. (2017, 2018).
Figure 4.9 Micro- and nanoscales and associated
technological advances. Animal cell and components, MEMS shear stress sensor on
quarter coin, Diagram of prokaryotic bacteria cell, Benzopyrene DNA
adduct, Carbon allotropes, Graphene, Mesoporous silica nanoparticles.
Figure 5.1 Schematic of organisational structures: A – tall hierarchy, B – flat hierarchy, C – semi-hierarchical network.
Figure 6.1 The three fundamental components of
biological evolution — replication, mutation and selection.
Figure 6.2 Schematic of technological evolution
in modern conditions.
Figure 6.3 The dominant forms of evolution
through human history (compare to Figure 2.1). Illustrations: Bearded caveman,
under simplified; A hunter attacking a brown bear, Reconstruction of Jerusalem
and the Temple of Herod, U.S. steel plant emitting smoke,
Figure 7.1 A typical product life cycle.
Figure 7.2 Phases of a technological surge
according to Perez (2003). Technological advance (i.e. the extent of diffusion
of technology) is plotted vs time.
Figure 7.3 Paradigm cycle in science due to
Thomas Kuhn (1962).
Figure 7.4 Phases of civilisational
cycle as suggested by Toynbee (1935–1961, 1946, 1972) and Gumilev
(1978, 1989).
Figure 7.5 Schematic of the evolutionary tree of
the vertebrates, from Haeckel (1912) and evolution of the dinosaur clade
according to Benson et al. (2014).
Figure 7.6 Key features of a generic leaping
cycle.
Figure 7.7 Variations of the leaping cycle.
Figure 7.8 Correspondence between the phases of
different cycles.
Figure 8.1 Evolutionary simulations with
intransitive competition between 65000 elements (Klimenko, 2013).
Figure B.1 Five technological (Kondratiev) waves according to Freeman and Louca (2001).
Figure B.2 Five technological surges according to
Perez (2003).
Figure B.3 Representation of links between 770
industrial products (selected according to 4-digit SITC-2 codes)
Figure B.4 Schematic of the timing of major
industrial clusters, as determined by random walk (Bouet
and Klimenko, 2019).
Figure B.5 Specification of the primary
industrial clusters according to Bouet and Klimenko
(2019).
Figure C.1 Phases of selected civilisations as
introduced by Toynbee (1972, p.72, Part 1, chpt. 9);
breakpoints as mentioned by Toynbee (1935–1961, Vol. IX, p.758, table V).
Figure C.2 Phases of civilisations of the
Eurasian continent according to Gumilev (1989,
p.336-337, chpt. XI(4)).
Figure D.1 A possible consistent definition of
fitness among Darwin’s finches and intransitivity of competitions involving
peacocks. Darwin’s finches and Peacock.
Figure D.2 ’Big Three’ competition: intransitive
trends in transitions of market shares between US car manufacturers (details in
Klimenko, 2014a)
Figure D.3 Comparison of transitive selection of
options with intransitive selection.
Figure D.4 Estimated characteristics of the
Stockfish chess engine, AlphaZero and the human brain
and the world’s top 4 chess Grand Masters.
Figure E.1 Domestic engineering graduations in
Australia in 1962 and 2014 by levels.
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